dos.dos Complications with established investigation
Since dowry is legally prohibited in India and you can Bangladesh, anyone usually hesitate to let you know particular dowry number. The standard concern on the dowry in the Indian dataset asks about community-depending dowry. Particularly, the brand new Asia Peoples Advancement Survey requires “Essentially in the area to own a family such as for example your, what are the kind of issues that are given while the gifts during new daughter’s relationships?” A community-founded dowry is not necessarily the identical to just one dowry, that is paid down by the bride’s parents in the course of relationships. Alternatively, issue from dowry lets merely a digital address, i.elizabeth., whether or not a confident amount of dowry try repaid (age.g., Survey towards Updates of women and you will Virility in Asia and you may Pakistan). A binary address, without a doubt, doesn’t provide much more details. The norm out-of if or not an optimistic dowry amount emerges corresponds to, and that is largely told me from the, ethnic, spiritual, and you will status backgrounds inside South Asia.
Since the dowry is not lawfully blocked in the Pakistan, the quantity physically repaid by the women respondent’s parents should be questioned in place of scheduling for the a Pakistani dataset including the Pakistan Rural Home Questionnaire. Though Pakistani interviewees will most likely not purposefully cover true information regarding dowry practices, this new questionnaire may nevertheless have remember errors since respondents have to keep in mind the latest dowry matter repaid by the their mothers several years ago. Shape 1a plots the brand new predicted amount of actual dowry viewpoints measured in Pakistani Rupees in 2004 to matrimony year using analysis from this new Pakistan Rural Household Questionnaire. Since consensus is that actual dowry quantity is actually expanding, or perhaps exhibit a low-decreasing pattern, the fresh profile ways all round desire regarding recall mistakes. This means, the expanded the fresh new gap within interviewees’ marriage plus the recall day, the much more likely they are to overestimate this new dowry amount.
Matchmaking between ladies’ ounts. This new range suggests the new predict genuine amount of dowry regressed towards women’s relationships year. The shady urban area suggests 95% depend on interval of your own predicted amount of dowry. The content sources of (a) and you will (b) was Pakistan Outlying Home Questionnaire 2004, while the rural house questionnaire held because of the publisher in the 2013, correspondingly
step 3 Data
On the better of the education, data collected within this research certainly are the earliest to look at clearly an over-all tendency to overestimate a cost paid back a long time in the past. Just as the services from in the past obtained study, ours also are retrospective; although not, considering that it desire, we such as for example used particular perform to reduce questionnaire bear in mind problems. For example, i required the degree of both neighborhood-created dowry (non-retrospective) and private dowry number repaid in the course of the new respondent’s relationship (retrospective). Due to the fact Pakistani dowry includes silver/precious jewelry, gowns, chairs, cooking utensils, etc, we queried dowry amounts because of the item. When we noticed a great respondent’s overestimation of dowry count, particularly in happening off a marriage you to definitely took place a beneficial while ago, given that dowry try demonstrated, we could and you can did see such quantity which have people that went to the brand new service. For that reason, our very own analysis towards forecast actual levels of dowry (Fig. 1b) don’t reveal people coming down pattern, conversely which have the individuals said for the Fig. 1a.
3.step one Questionnaire
When conducting our survey between , we intended to capture the heterogeneous aspects of the Punjab province in Pakistan. We divided Punjab (36 districts) into five regions: Pothohar (or North), Central, East, West, and South Punjab. Climate, culture (including marriage/inheritance practices), and socioeconomic conditions differ across regions but are similar within each region. We randomly selected one district from each region, namely, Rawalpindi, Mandi Bahauddin, Narowal, Muzaffargarh, and Bahawalnagar (Fig. 2). We used the district census for 1998–1999, the latest census available in Pakistan as of 2013, to randomly select six villages in rural areas in each of the five districts. We restricted sampling villages to those with a population of at least 1000 at the time of the census. In each village, we selected 22 households, following a stratified random sampling methodology. First, with assistance from the village chief, we made a list of households in the village and categorized them into a stratum. The strata are kammees Footnote 10 (i.e., traditional service or lower caste, with annual income ? PKR 200,000, > PKR 200,000) and zamindars (i.e., landowning farmers with land < 5,>12.5 acres). Eligible households in our survey are defined as those with an economically active husband and wife aged 15–65. Second, we performed stratified random sampling so that the share of each stratum in our sample corresponds to the share of each stratum of the village population (= households).